Principalities and Powers
Defining the Battlefield and the Combatants that Require the Full Armor of God
Imagine stepping onto a vast battlefield where unseen arrows fly past, the sound of sharpened steel whizzing by your ears, and hidden traps lie in wait. The landscape around you is eerily quiet, but beneath the surface, powerful forces scheme and maneuver, ready to strike when you least expect it. This is no war of flesh and blood, nor a fight for territory or earthly power; it is an invisible war, a spiritual conflict of biblical proportions. The adversary is cunning, working tirelessly to weaken, deceive, and ensnare. In this battle, as in any battle, protection is essential. Yet, it’s not armor made of steel and leather that will save you or cold steel that will vanquish your foes. This armor is something far greater and more protective, crafted by the hands of God Himself and bestowed upon every believer by birthright.
As we embark on this journey, we will explore the mystery and power within each piece of the Armor of God and discover what it truly means to step onto the spiritual battlefield fully prepared. But, before we do, we must first define the battlefield and the enemy that requires such divine armor and weapons. In our post-truth world, many Christians today do not even believe in the existence of the supernatural. This is despite the fact that the Bible clearly defines the enemy as a supernatural one and not a physical or metaphorical one. So, exactly who and what do we face as believers?
Understanding the Nature of the Battle
In Ephesians 6:10-12, Paul lays the groundwork by identifying the adversaries Christians face in spiritual warfare. He emphasizes that the battle is not against anything carnal but instead a demonic hierarchy, a well-organized network of dark forces under the devil’s command. These forces work to deceive, oppress, and draw people away from God’s truth. This passage reveals a key insight: people are not the enemy, but rather pawns or casualties in a greater cosmic struggle. This knowledge calls for a mindset centered on compassion for people but resolute opposition to the forces manipulating them.
In Ephesians 6:12, Paul clarifies the adversaries Christians face in spiritual warfare, listing them as "principalities, powers, cosmic powers over this present darkness, and evil spirits in heavenly places." This hierarchy suggests a well-organized network of dark, supernatural forces, each with distinct roles and functions. Paul uses these terms to emphasize that the opposition is not human, nor merely symbolic, but rather truly supernatural and deeply entrenched in the spiritual realm. Each term conveys unique characteristics that help us understand the kind of spiritual resistance Christians are called to confront.
1. Principalities: Forces of Authority in the Spiritual Realm
The term "principalities" (archai in Greek) denotes rulers or beings that hold a form of authority. The word itself implies a certain rank or prominence in the spiritual hierarchy. Biblical scholars widely agree that these principalities are not physical rulers but supernatural beings with influence over specific regions or territories. They act as spiritual gatekeepers, ruling over areas with a mission to oppose God’s influence and manipulate human affairs toward darkness and deception.
In the Book of Daniel, we see a vivid portrayal of principalities at work. Daniel 10 describes a heavenly messenger delayed for twenty-one days by the “prince of the Persian kingdom” until the archangel Michael intervenes. This "prince" is not a human ruler but a supernatural being of authority over Persia, demonstrating that certain demonic principalities have sway over particular regions or nations. These principalities operate with organized power and are entrenched in a system of dark authority, working against God’s purposes on a larger, often unseen scale. The influence they wield is supernatural, showing their strength not just in earthly affairs but in the spiritual atmosphere they seek to corrupt.
2. Powers: Demonic Forces with Supernatural Abilities
The term "powers" (exousia in Greek) refers to spiritual entities that wield substantial supernatural power, influencing individuals and communities by manipulating minds, emotions, and circumstances. These demonic powers are different from principalities in that they often operate at a more direct, personal level, targeting individuals and groups rather than broad territories. Their aim is to infiltrate hearts and minds, instilling fear, doubt, and deception to lead people away from God.
These powers demonstrate a supernatural force that exceeds human capability. The Gospels provide numerous examples of individuals possessed by demonic forces with powers far beyond natural strength or mental faculties. In Mark 5, the demon-possessed man in the region of the Gerasenes displays extraordinary strength, breaking chains and living among tombs. The powers that operate in this way are not of this world; they are part of a dark supernatural realm, aiming to control and destroy those they afflict. Their abilities surpass human limitations, providing clear evidence of their supernatural origin and intent.
3. Cosmic Powers over This Present Darkness: Spiritual Agents of Deception and Moral Corruption
Paul's phrase "cosmic powers over this present darkness" (kosmokratores in Greek) refers to demonic forces that influence the world by promoting darkness, deception, and moral decay. These forces work to perpetuate lies and confusion, drawing humanity further from God’s truth. "Present darkness" indicates the pervasive nature of evil in the world, suggesting that these cosmic powers work globally, influencing societies, cultures, and institutions toward corruption.
The cosmic powers extend their influence over cultural values, societal norms, and even religious practices, distorting them to serve demonic purposes. For instance, Paul warns in 2 Corinthians 4:4 that “the god of this world” has blinded the minds of unbelievers to keep them from seeing the light of the gospel. These powers spread darkness through various ideologies, philosophies, and institutions that obscure the truth of Christ. Their reach and influence go beyond individual people, moving into the realms of ideologies and systems. Their objective is not only individual deception but also the establishment of a broad, systemic rejection of God’s ways, proving their supernatural, far-reaching origin.
4. Evil Spirits in Heavenly Places: Spiritual Entities Opposing God’s Kingdom
The final group Paul identifies is “evil spirits in heavenly places,” further underscoring the spiritual nature of this battle. These are malevolent beings residing in the "heavenly realms," a phrase used to describe the supernatural domain beyond the physical world. These spirits operate within the unseen realm, yet their effects are felt in the physical world. They oppose God’s kingdom by influencing both individuals and communities toward sin, confusion, and rebellion against God.
In Job 1 and 2, we see an instance of Satan appearing before God, indicating that spiritual beings exist and operate in a domain that intersects with God’s presence and kingdom work. These evil spirits are agents of Satan, seeking to disrupt the lives of believers and obstruct God’s purposes on earth. Their attacks often manifest as spiritual oppression, temptation, and deception, influencing the thoughts and emotions of individuals. These spirits act as soldiers in the enemy’s army, working against the followers of Christ with supernatural precision, intending to lure believers into doubt, disobedience, and spiritual compromise.
Abandon Hope?
Each of the four adversaries described by Paul—principalities, powers, cosmic powers, and evil spirits—demonstrates a distinct, supernatural origin. Together, they form the dark supernatural opposition to the body of Christ, requiring believers to stand firm in spiritual armor.
If this description of the forces of darkness arrayed against you has terrified you, then take heart: Jesus has already defeated them! According to Colossians 2:15, “Jesus disarmed the rulers and authorities, making a public spectacle of them, having triumphed over them by the cross.” Instead of being afraid, imagine the tactics and schemes of the enemy as the tentacles of a giant squid pulling its attacker down into the depths with it in defeat. The armor of God that we will explore in this series of essays will help you, as a believer in Christ, to free yourself from the death throes of the enemy and experience the joy and peace of Christ’s righteousness that is available to you right now.
The Pieces of the Armor of God: Defensive and Offensive Weapons
In this series, we will explore how in Ephesians 6, Paul masterfully compares the Christian’s spiritual defenses to the well-equipped armor of a Roman soldier. In the first century, Roman soldiers were the empire’s backbone and symbols of strength, discipline, and protection. They were outfitted with carefully designed armor that allowed them to withstand various forms of attack and maintain control over their territories. Each piece of their gear had a strategic function and was engineered to provide maximum protection and mobility in battle. Paul’s audience, living under Roman rule, would immediately recognize and understand the imagery he uses. Let’s delve into each piece and explore the physical characteristics and function of Roman armor, setting the stage for understanding its deeper spiritual implications.
1. The Belt
The Roman soldier’s belt, known as the cingulum, was an essential piece of equipment that held much of his armor in place. This belt was typically made of sturdy leather and fastened around the waist, with straps that hung down to protect the lower abdomen and upper thighs. It provided stability and acted as an anchor point for the rest of the armor, keeping the tunic in place and allowing the soldier to attach other weapons, like his sword or dagger. Without the belt, the armor would be loose, cumbersome, and impractical in the heat of battle. The belt allowed the soldier to move freely and remain well-protected, securing the armor and ensuring the soldier was always combat-ready.
2. The Breastplate
The breastplate, or lorica segmentata, was a crucial component that protected the Roman soldier’s chest and torso, guarding the vital organs, especially the heart and lungs, from arrows, swords, and other close-combat weapons. Made of interlocking strips of metal, the breastplate was fitted carefully to the soldier’s body, providing a snug, protective layer. This armor piece was highly resilient, designed to withstand direct blows and protect against piercing attacks. Its structure allowed for some flexibility, enabling the soldier to move with ease while staying protected in battle. The breastplate’s value lay in its capacity to protect the soldier’s core, ensuring that no strike could fatally wound him.
3. The Shoes
A Roman soldier’s footwear, called caligae, was far from ordinary sandals. These heavy-duty, open-toed leather shoes were fitted with thick soles and often equipped with hobnails for added grip. The soles were crafted to endure long marches and prevent slipping on rough terrain, while the hobnails gave soldiers stability during combat. The caligae were vital for both offense and defense, allowing soldiers to stand firm, advance, or retreat quickly as needed. These shoes enabled the Roman soldier to traverse any battlefield terrain with confidence and speed, making them essential for maintaining a solid footing amid the chaos of war.
4. The Shield
The shield, or scutum, was a large, rectangular piece of armor crafted from wood and covered in leather, sometimes with iron reinforcement at the edges. Standing nearly as tall as the soldier, the scutum provided extensive coverage, allowing him to crouch down and shield his entire body. Roman shields were designed to interlock with those of fellow soldiers, creating a formidable wall known as the "testudo" or “tortoise” formation, where soldiers were fully protected from attacks on all sides. This shield could absorb blows from arrows, spears, and swords, making it invaluable on the battlefield. Soldiers also maintained their shields by applying oil to keep the leather supple and prevent cracking, ensuring their defenses stayed strong.
5. The Helmet
A Roman helmet, known as the galea, was typically made of metal and designed to protect the head, neck, and sides of the face. The helmet had a visor or cheek plates to guard the face and a backplate to protect the neck. Some designs also included a brow ridge to deflect downward blows from swords or other heavy weapons. While sturdy and protective, the helmet was also carefully crafted to provide visibility and hearing, so the soldier could stay aware of his surroundings in battle. In many cases, the galea was adorned with plumes or crests that denoted rank or legion affiliation, adding an element of identity and status to the armor.
6. The Sword
The Roman soldier carried a short sword called a gladius, a double-edged weapon perfectly suited for close combat. Typically measuring about 20 inches, the gladius was a versatile, lightweight weapon with sharp edges on both sides, designed for stabbing as well as slashing. Its size allowed the soldier to wield it efficiently in crowded or chaotic battle conditions. Roman soldiers were highly trained in the use of the gladius, using it with precision and skill to make lethal strikes. Its design reflected the Roman military’s emphasis on agility and effectiveness, allowing soldiers to stay nimble while delivering powerful blows to their opponents.
A Defeated Foe
Understanding that the devil has no inherent power over believers is crucial. His influence depends entirely on deception and manipulation, not genuine authority. Scripture is clear on this, particularly in 1 John 5:18, which reassures believers: “We know that anyone born of God does not continue to sin; the One who was born of God keeps them safe, and the evil one cannot harm them.” This powerful verse reveals the devil’s limitations—he cannot touch those whom Christ holds securely. His primary tactics are to plant seeds of doubt, fear, and lies, hoping to exploit any vulnerability to undermine a believer’s confidence in God.
In this series, we will explore each piece of the armor of God that the Apostle Paul describes, uncovering the reasons he gives for each one. These are not merely metaphors; they are mighty tools that bring God’s power and protection into our lives. Through this armor, we are equipped to stand firm, living in the truth and victory that the cross has secured for us. As we dive into each piece, we will discover how it strengthens our faith, fortifies our spirit, and enables us to walk confidently, knowing that Christ has already overcome the enemy.
Conclusion
We wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against evil forces; but thanks be to God, they have already been defeated. Supernatural forces of evil exist and will persist against the saints; so, we needn’t fear them, however we must resist them. God has already equipped us with everything necessary to overcome evil in this world and experience the peace and joy that is our birthright as believers.
The armor of God is a call to action, encouraging believers not only to defend themselves but to live with confidence in the power and promises of God. While each piece of armor serves a specific purpose, together they form a unified, impenetrable defense that keeps us safe and empowered for the spiritual battles we face. The belt, breastplate, shoes, shield, helmet, and sword each contribute to a life of steadfast faith, allowing believers to walk boldly in a supernatural landscape frought with challenges and opposition.
In the following essays, we will take a closer look at each piece of this armor, uncovering the deeper meaning and practical application of Paul’s words. Through this exploration, we will find that the armor of God is not just a defensive stance but a way of living that reflects Christ’s victory over sin and darkness. As we journey through each aspect of this divine protection, may we be reminded that our strength lies not in our own abilities but in the unwavering truth and power of God, who equips us for victory.
Have you been living as if the devil were not a defeated foe, allowing fear, doubt, or deception to influence your life? If so, take a moment to pray and declare God’s truth over your heart and mind.
Heavenly Father, I acknowledge that sometimes I have lived as if the enemy had more power over me than he truly possesses. I’ve let fear, doubt, and lies creep into my mind, and at times, I’ve forgotten that through Jesus, the devil is already defeated. I thank You, Lord, for the victory won on the cross and for the full armor You have provided to protect and strengthen me.
Today, I claim the full armor You’ve given me. I take up the belt of truth, binding myself to Your Word, and I put on the breastplate of righteousness, trusting in the saving grace of Jesus. I prepare my feet with the gospel of peace, finding stability in Your promises. I lift the shield of faith to extinguish all of the enemy’s lies and accusations, and I wear the helmet of salvation, securing my mind in the hope of Your salvation. Finally, I wield the sword of the Spirit, declaring Your Word as my strength and defense. Thank You that I am secure in Christ and that the enemy cannot touch me.
Fill me with boldness, Lord, to walk in the strength of Your victory. Let me live each day aware of the protection and power You’ve placed upon me. I surrender my fears, my doubts, and any lies I’ve believed. I stand firm in the knowledge that the enemy is defeated, and through You, I am victorious. In Jesus’ name, I pray. Amen.
Scripture References
Ephesians 6:10-18 – Full Armor of God
Ephesians 2:8-9 – Saved by Grace through Faith
Hebrews 4:12 – The Word of God is Alive and Powerful
1 Thessalonians 5:8 – The Helmet of the Hope of Salvation
James 4:7 – Resist the Devil, and He Will Flee
1 John 5:18 – The Evil One Cannot Harm Believers
2 Corinthians 4:4 – The God of this World Has Blinded Unbelievers
Colossians 2:15 – Jesus Disarmed the Rulers and Authorities
Job 1-2 – Satan Appearing Before God
Bibliography
Anderson, Neil T. The Bondage Breaker. Harvest House Publishers, 2000.
Anderson, Neil T. Victory Over Darkness. Regal Books, 1990.
Carson, D.A. New Testament Commentary on Ephesians. Zondervan, 2009.
Lewis, C.S. The Screwtape Letters. HarperOne, 2001.
MacArthur, John. The Believer's Armor. Moody Publishers, 1986.
Roberts, Ted. Pure Desire. Baker Books, 2008.
Weiss, Doug. Clean. Thomas Nelson, 2013.
Wright, N.T. Paul and His Message of Spiritual Warfare. Fortress Press, 2012.